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Novice poets might think that creating free verse is as easy as writing a few sentences, then breaking them into separate lines. But veteran poets know that writing good free verse requires mastery of many different poetic tools, devices, and techniques. Do you have all of these tools in your poetry toolbox—and do you know the right way to use them?
A List Of Poetry Tools And Devices For Free-Verse Poetry
Allusion: Indirect reference to something else, often to a literary precedent of some kind. Smart, subtle allusion can enhance the scope and gravity of your topic.
Assonance, consonance, alliteration: These three tools will serve you well, if you know how to use them. By playing with the sounds of your word choices, you can slow readers down, speed them up, or bring them deeper into your meaning. But word choice isn’t just about picking words that sound cool; it’s about bringing readers into a poem through language.
Diction: The language style you employ, based on individual word choices, enhances the meaning of your poem. Diction is the difference between saying “How are you today, sir?” and “How’s it hanging, bro?” The use of informal diction can sometimes give the reader a hint of humor or whimsy in an otherwise formal poem.
Enjambment: When a line of poetry ends in the middle of an incomplete phrase, the reader is naturally pulled toward the next line. Use enjambment as a tool to spur momentum.
Formatting and spacing: Should you single-space your poem? Double-space it? Type it in the shape of a heart? Your words can sprawl all over the page, be tightly contained, or be offset by occasional indentations. The format choices should enhance your poem’s meaning. Learn more about formatting and spacing choices that make editors cringe.
Hyperbole: There’s a time and place for exaggeration; it can be a powerful tool for conveying emotion. Listen to a teenager rant for five minutes and you’ll understand hyperbole: This is the worst day in the whole history of ever!
Imagery: Good imagery is mesmerizing. Bad imagery makes editors want to look away.
Line stop: When you end a line with a punctuation mark, you invite your reader to linger on that thought. Make your line-stop choices carefully to create moments of deep resonance and pause.
Personification: It’s so easy to personify that many poets don’t realize they’re doing it. Be mindful of your personification tools and use them sparingly.
Pronouns: Who is the subject of your poem? You? She? They? Each pronoun choice has its own particular resonance and connotation—in the same way that point-of-view choices distinctly affect readers.
Repetition: Free verse typically does not embrace the poetic repetition of some traditional forms—so a little bit of repetition can make a big impact.
Rhythm: Just because you’re writing free verse doesn’t mean your poem should lack rhythm. Often, free-verse poetry will make use of the cadences of natural speech to create rhythm.
Symbolism: This Poetry 101 tool is important to master: You don’t want your symbols to be too obvious or too obscure.
Understatement: While hyperbole shouts, understatement whispers, asking readers to lean in and listen closely. Know when less is more.
QUESTION: What free verse poetry tools are missing from this list? Leave your answer in our comments section.
Thank you for this information. It’s truly helpful for all writing. I’ve shared it generously.
Reading free vere poetry where each line starts with a capital I find very irritating. Maybe not a tool, but something to think about.
Choosing an adequate title. Not giving away all, but making the reader curious, still has to be relevant though. A well-chosen metaphor is a good title.
Reason – there should be a reason for everything in free verse poetry. It is pointless to use, say, repetition if there is no need to – it just makes the poem look pretentious.
Very useful information and definitions – thank you. I will share too.
Is allusion the same as metaphors?
Hi, Fran,
No, allusion and metaphor are different. An allusion is a statement that refers to something without mentioning it directly. A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or idea is used in place of another to suggest a similarity between the two.
We hope that helps!
I would think that metaphor is still the backbone, or at least a main beam, of free verse poetry. While not every single poem in the world has to have it, the vast majority of all poetry relies on some kind of figure of comparison whether for similarities or contrasts. Comparisons bring great power and depth to a poem. I would add Metaphor to this list.
I agree with Marjon about the beginning capitals. I wonder if such poems are written by people who don’t know how to unselect the auto-correct option in Word which automatically begins new lines with a capital. I once wrote to the editor of the poetry page of a major Australian daily paper about this. Her response was: “Poets get to choose how they wish to present their verse.” I find that a poor excuse. In my own work I use capitals only when the poem also includes other punctuation. Often I like to use lower case and no punctuation, to allow multiple readings of some phrases, in overlapping lines.
I am quite comfortable with the 17 tools. Enjambment is the most practical tool I enjoy in (reading and writing) poetry. I think this is where I agree with Span. It is reasonable to use lower case and no punctuation, to allow multiple readings of some phrases, in overlapping lines.
Please give me the names of some poems written in free verse.